Background: Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Sudan, particularly in areas affected by population displacement. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among resident and conflict-displaced populations in Dongola City, Northern Sudan.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2025. A total of 100 participants were enrolled, including 50 residents and 50 displaced individuals. Blood samples were collected and screened for P. falciparum using an immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test (ICT). Demographic characteristics and potential risk factors, including mosquito net use, sleeping location, and proximity to water sources, were collected using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and associations were assessed using Chi-square tests with a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results: The overall malaria prevalence was 38%. Prevalence was 34% among residents and 42% among displaced individuals, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.67). Mosquito net use was significantly associated with malaria infection among displaced individuals (p = 0.001) but not among residents (p = 0.34). Sleeping location and proximity to water sources showed no significant association with malaria infection in either group.

Conclusion: Malaria remains prevalent in Dongola, affecting both resident and displaced populations. Strengthening vector control measures and promoting proper mosquito net utilization are essential to reduce malaria transmission in this setting.